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The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester, England. It is located in the city centre on the land bounded by St Ann's Square, Exchange Street, Market Street, Cross Street and Old Bank Street. The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre. The Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing. The current building is the last of several buildings on the site used for commodities exchange, primarily but not exclusively of cotton and textiles. ==History== The cotton industry in Lancashire was served by the Manchester Royal Exchange which traded in spun yarn and finished goods throughout the world including Africa while the Liverpool Cotton Exchange traded in imported raw cotton. In the 18th century the trade was part of part the slave trade in which African slaves were transported to America where the cotton was grown and then exported to Liverpool where the raw cotton was sold. The first exchange opened in 1729 but closed by the end of the century. As the cotton industry boomed, the need for a new exchange was recognised. Thomas Harrison designed the new exchange of 1809 at the junction of Market Street and Exchange Street.〔 Harrison designed the exchange in the Classical style. It had two storeys above a basement and was constructed in Runcorn stone. The cost, £20,000, was paid for in advance by 400 members who bought £50 shares and paid £30 each to buy the site. The semi-circular north façade had fluted Doric columns. The exchange room where business was conducted covered 812 square yards. The ground floor also contained the members' library with more than 15,000 books. The basement housed a newsroom lit by a dome and plate glass windows, its ceiling was supported by a circle of Ionic pillars spaced fifteen feet from the walls. The first-floor dining-room was accessed by a geometrical staircase. The exchange opened to celebrate of the birthday of George III in 1809. It also contained other anterooms and offices. As the cotton trade continued to expand, larger premises were required and its extension was completed in 1849. The second exchange was replaced by a third designed by Mills & Murgatroyd, constructed between 1867 and 1874.〔Hartwell, p155.〕 It was extended and modified by Bradshaw Gass & Hope between 1914 and 1931 to form the largest trading hall in England.〔〔Parkinson-Bailey p142.〕 The trading hall had three domes and was double the size of the current hall.〔 The colonnade parallel to Cross Street marked the its centre. On trading days merchants and brokers struck deals which supported the jobs of tens of thousands of textile workers in Manchester and the surrounding towns.〔 Manchester's cotton dealers and manufacturers trading from the Royal Exchange earned the city the name, Cottonopolis.〔Ashmore, p24.〕 The exchange was seriously damaged during World War II when it took a direct hit from a bomb during a German air raid in the Manchester Blitz at Christmas in 1940. Its interior was rebuilt with a smaller trading area.〔〔Parkinson-Bailey, p169.〕 The top stages of the clock tower, which had been destroyed, were replaced in a simpler form. Trading ceased in 1968, and the building was threatened with demolition.〔〔Parkinson-Bailey, p206〕 The building remained empty until 1973 when it was used to house a theatre company. The Royal Exchange Theatre was founded in 1976 by artistic directors — Michael Elliott, Caspar Wrede, Richard Negri, James Maxwell and Braham Murray. It was opened by Laurence Olivier on 15 September 1976.〔Programme for ''Happy Birthday, Sir Larry'', 31 May 1987〕 In 1979, the artistic directorship was augmented by the appointment of Gregory Hersov. The building was damaged on 15 June 1996 when an IRA bomb exploded in Corporation Street less than 50 yards away. The blast caused the dome to move, although the main structure was undamaged.〔Parkinson-Bailey, p257.〕 That the adjacent St Ann's Church survived almost unscathed is probably due to the sheltering effect of the stone-built exchange. Repairs took over two years and cost £32 million, a sum provided by the National Lottery.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.royalexchange.co.uk/page.aspx?page=735 )〕 Whilst the exchange was rebuilt, the theatre company performed in Castlefield. The theatre was repaired and provided with a second performance space, the Studio, a bookshop, craft shop, restaurant, bars and rooms for corporate hospitality. The theatre's workshops, costume department and rehearsal rooms were moved to Swan Street. The refurbished theatre re-opened on 30 November 1998 by Prince Edward. The opening production, Stanley Houghton's ''Hindle Wakes'' was the play that should have opened the day the bomb was exploded.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=20 May 2012 )〕 In 1999, the Royal Exchange was awarded 'Theatre of the Year' in the Barclays Theatre Awards, in recognition of its refurbishment and ambitious re-opening season.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rejected Gray Wins TMA's Best New Play - - News - Whatsonstage.com )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Royal Exchange, Manchester」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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